Epictetus
(50–135)
ancientStoicismGreek/Roman
Biography
Born a slave in the Roman Empire, Epictetus gained his freedom and became one of the most influential Stoic teachers. His core teaching — that we suffer not from events but from our judgments about them — became foundational to cognitive behavioral therapy two millennia later. His Discourses and Enchiridion offer a clear, practical framework for finding purpose through inner freedom regardless of external circumstances.
Key contribution
Articulated the dichotomy of control: the radical distinction between what is 'up to us' (our judgments, desires, actions) and what is not.
Key works
- Discourses
- Enchiridion
Perspectives on purpose